Should private schools be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should private schools be banned - Essay Example It therefore seems so from these arguments that in today’s world, education has been used to perpetrate inequality and division of social classes based on economic status because of the existence of higher education meant for the rich and wealthy in the society. Those calling for the closure of private schools believe in the fact that the current education systems institutionalises inequality and unfair treatment of education seekers just because they can’t afford the high cost of private institutions. It is interesting to note that out of the total number of school going children about 90% attend public schools while 10% attend private schools (Caldwell, 2008). Those who attend public schools have the potential of better performance as compared to their public counterparts contributing a larger percentage of students who qualify for university education in leading universities such as Cambridge and oxford. This is the highest degree of inequality as it implies that tho se who will eventually qualify for top positions in industry are those who hail from wealthy families who parents were able to sponsor their education on very expensive private institutions. In addition to this fact, the current society is typical of what can be termed as cultural capitalism and social shutting where the wealthy and privileged give their children gigantic advantages whereas the poor ones struggle in poorly managed and funded systems where only the lucky ones strive for excellence. The survival is typically of the law of the jungle where the fit survive and the weak succumb to academic death. It is vital to stress the need for all to give every child... Thi essay approves that it is in the view of this discussion that private schools tends to widen the gap between the haves and the not haves. This is because private schools exist and continues to provide better education than public schools owing to the fact those who educate children in the schools pay huge amounts of money as fees. This may not be possible for middle and low income earners as a result natural selection occurs where rich families get the opportunity to educate their young ones in private schools while the poor do not. In addition, such schools would present conditions for better performance against the state owned schools owing to their ability to employ and motivate qualified teachers, provide basic facilities and sizable classes. This report makes a conclusion that if all private schools were banned, it would give the rich an incentive to fund state owned ones since their children will to be attending alongside children from poor backgrounds. This will be a fairer way to deal with the rising difference between the rich and the poor. On the contrary, some argue that private schools offers impeccable education which may not be possible to access in state owned schools where there is limited access to resources, support persons and facilities. This is a fact that is discredited by failure by the government to fund state owned schools to the level of private schools. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that private schools should be banned. This is because private school is a major impediment to equity and valuable education for all.

Example of a Small Business Performing a SWOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

Example of a Small Business Performing a SWOT Analysis Essay Learn more about performing a SWOT analysis before reading the case study. Background The three members of the leadership team at a small marketing consulting firm were interested in expanding their offerings to their clients. Currently the firm has 20 employees (including the three members of the leadership team) many of whom are consultants with the balance being administrative and marketing staff. The last time the company had done a SWOT analysis was when they were first starting up in business and were working on their business plan. The SWOT session enabled them to develop their business plan by having them think through their business goals and objectives for viability and feasibility. At the time, the three of them, plus a few members of their Advisory Council participated in the SWOT analysis. The goal of this SWOT session would be to: * Determine ways to better position the company in marketplace. * Determine new products and services to offer clients to better compete in a crowded marketplace. Preparing for the SWOT session The leadership team wanted to set aside 3 hours for the SWOT session. Given that the business was small, the leadership team felt that everyone should participate. The following decisions were made: * All 20 employees would participate in the SWOT session * A Friday morning in mid-summer would be set aside for the session (and†¦as a â€Å"thank you† for participating – employees would be given the balance of the day off to spend with family and friends) * The focus of the SWOT session would be toward determining products and services to offer to clients and that information would be provided to participants beforehand so they can begin to think about it * A professional facilitator would be brought in to lead the session since this SWOT exercise was essential to the company’s continued growth and success Additionally, the leadership team was going to provide all participants with a copy of the SWOT analysis done at the very beginning – before the business venture began. While it had a different purpose, it would be valuable for the SWOT session participants to view it and, from the leadership perspective, it would be interesting to compare then to now. The SWOT session Brainstorming was used during the SWOT session to gather data for the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The facilitator led the group – starting with strengths and working through to threats. An hour was allocated for this task. Each participant spent time writing on sticky notes their thoughts, ideas, opinions, beliefs and known truths regarding the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. When done, all of the information was posted on the walls under the appropriate heading (e.g. Strengths, etc.) Prioritizing the information The next hour and a half was spent reviewing the data with an eye toward: * Looking for themes/commonalities – combining similar sticky notes under themes (e.g., Customer Service) * Prioritizing based on: * Significant information/data provided by large numbers of participants (e.g, ineffective use of social media was mentioned 15 times!) * What could be â€Å"quick hits† for the company to start to effectively compete against the competition * Products and service ideas that can be created within a year’s time frame The table below is a small sampling of the data gathered during the brainstorming session. This particular data is selected as when they prioritized their efforts these were the areas of focus. STRENGTHS| WEAKNESSES| OPPORTUNITIES| THREATS| * Long-term employees committed to the company * Customers love the work done by the company * Customer retention is high * Well-known brand in the local area * Company has made a profit every year in business * Client base was growing| * No blog on the website * Ineffective use of social media * No global customers * The business hasn’t expanded in the last few years and seems stagnant. * No presence at trade shows or industry events/ conferences * No â€Å"new blood† bringing in fresh ideas * Client base not growing as quickly as in past| * Ask current customers to refer business * Use social media and blogging to build brand name and gain new customers * Expand business nationally * Target smaller start-ups who needed strong marketing to get their business off the ground * Provide sales support services for clients * Offer dashboards for tracking marketing| * Competition was increasing * A number of local competitors were already blogging and utilizing social media * Current customers wanted social media consulting and it was difficult to do so when the company doesn’t do social media themselves * Lots of individuals and other new small businesses â€Å"popping† up who do marketing consulting| Based on the information gathered during the brainstorming sessions and what the participants believed could be accomplished in a one to two year timeframe to have a significant impact on the business, the following was decided to meet the objectives: Objective: Better position the company for success in the marketplace | Objective: New products and services| * Develop a blog * Assign responsibilities for social media accounts: LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook * Ask current customers to refer business * Expand business nationally| * Develop and offer dashboards for customers to manage marketing initiatives * Provide services to start-ups who need a strong marketing initiative * Provide social media services and support| Next steps The company’s next steps were to take the projects they decided to accomplish toward achieving their goals and: * Assign responsibility for that project * Develop a project plan including a timeframe and budget needs * Prioritize the projects further * Begin work! A survey done of all participants after the SWOT session showed that they were excited about the process and the path they had developed to help meet company goals. By getting all employees involved, the leadership team showed that they valued all employees and wanted their contributions to help make the company a success. Once a month the leadership team would meet with each project lead to check on project status. It was decided that on an annual basis employees would participate in SWOT sessions to work on strategy for the upcoming year. As the company grew, employees would have the opportunity to participate on a rotating basis.

Computer Hackers :: Essays Papers

Computer Hackers The meaning of Hacker is one who accesses a computer which is supposably not able to be accessed to non authorised people of the community. Hackers may use any type of system to access this information depending on what they intend on doing in the system. Methods Hackers may use a variety of ways to hack into a system. First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hacker will use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of getting caught is lower than doing it using their own system. Ways in which the hacker will break into the system are: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at the password or has a crack program to crack the password protecting the system. 2) Finding back doors is another way in which the hacker may get access to the system. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they are trying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker may try to get into a system is by using a program called a WORM. This program is specially programmed to suit the need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect to a machine at over 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the worm executes its program. The program could be anything from getting password files to deleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Protection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not having your computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which you can stop a hacker entering your system. This is mainly because hackers use a phone line to access the system. If it is possible for one person to access the system then it is possible for a hacker to gain access to the system. One of the main problems is that major companies need to be networked and accessible over the net so that employees can do overdue work or so that people can look up things on that company. Also major companies network their offices so that they can access data from different positions. One way which is used to try to prevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called a Firewall. Computer Hackers :: Essays Papers Computer Hackers The meaning of Hacker is one who accesses a computer which is supposably not able to be accessed to non authorised people of the community. Hackers may use any type of system to access this information depending on what they intend on doing in the system. Methods Hackers may use a variety of ways to hack into a system. First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hacker will use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of getting caught is lower than doing it using their own system. Ways in which the hacker will break into the system are: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at the password or has a crack program to crack the password protecting the system. 2) Finding back doors is another way in which the hacker may get access to the system. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they are trying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker may try to get into a system is by using a program called a WORM. This program is specially programmed to suit the need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect to a machine at over 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the worm executes its program. The program could be anything from getting password files to deleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Protection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not having your computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which you can stop a hacker entering your system. This is mainly because hackers use a phone line to access the system. If it is possible for one person to access the system then it is possible for a hacker to gain access to the system. One of the main problems is that major companies need to be networked and accessible over the net so that employees can do overdue work or so that people can look up things on that company. Also major companies network their offices so that they can access data from different positions. One way which is used to try to prevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called a Firewall.

Poem Analysis “Out, Out”

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold.Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s).Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over.The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic underst anding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices.

IT †Foundations of Computing and Communication Essay

There is no doubt that with the increased availability of Communications and Information Technology, students often consider themselves as they know every information that their universities are providing with. Even parents are misguided by their children when they come to know that their children are capable of operating computers and gaining Internet access. However, the situation is just opposite of what is percept by the parents. Students operate computers thereby gaining access to Internet, not to learn new concepts and technological advancements to keep updated, but to be a part of entertainment provided by the Internet such as complex online games, chatting on workgroups, etc. Such widespread availability of Technology does not make any individual, literate enough to consider his class room studies outdated. In this context it would not be wrong to say that technology and communications (Example multimedia software and Internet access) brings a vast array of image-based information into the classroom. Before becoming available via the computer, this kind of information was found in the universities library and, on occasions, through the use of 16mm film, filmstrips and, later, videotape and then cassette. (Abbott, 2000, p. 6) Recent UK government policy on ICT is supported by five research reports from the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA). The most recent report was an analysis and investigation of the associations between ‘high level’ and ‘low level’ usage of IT (networked technologies) and the educational attainment of pupils at university stages. This was due to the reason students became over confident however there was a positive and satisfactory probability for acquiring ‘high’ ICT and pupil attainment in most of the associations (various subjects at different key stages) but in most cases this association was not statistically significant (7 out of 12 associations) and those associations that were statistically significant typically observed only very small effects. The most amazing aspect of the report was that the critical analysis negates the methods and data presented in the reports that does not consistently support the conclusions drawn by the government policy documents. Indeed, some of the data can be interpreted as showing that ICT is ineffective for students who misuse them. According to Andrews, â€Å"In addition, the evidence presented in the report was based on observational data and it is not by any means possible to establish and sustain a causal relationship between the level of ICT use and the educational attainment of the pupils because the observed effects could have been due to other known or unknown variables†. (Andrews, 2004, p. 34) The role of the learner should not by any means conflict with that of the teacher, as every teacher has his/her own teaching style. Therefore in situations where students consider IT learning available on every doorstep, it would not be right for a student to consider technological learning useless or underestimate the teacher’s lecture. Every teacher has its own mode and style of teaching IT which universities understand. Even most educational systems do not respond quickly to technological advances. Educational institutions act as a domain where universities are, by their very nature, conservators of prior knowledge, accepted understandings and proven methodologies. According to Mellon (1999) â€Å"Technology cannot guarantee learning as we cannot force students to learn; every student has a unique learning style followed by his teachers and teachers has their own importance in the eyes of the student even more important than the most sophisticated educational tools† (Mellon, 1999, p. 34). Mellon is right to the extent until students are keen to learn technological advancements, but obviously it is not the responsibility of a teacher who spends hours of hard work in preparing computing lectures. This is evident from the case study in which I interviewed Dr. Jack Thomas, a professor of Information systems at Glasgow University. Being a computer lecturer, Mr. Thomas still updates his knowledge every week, and in order to conduct a session he needs to prepare his lectures according to the student’s learning skills. He often conducts hands on experience session in which he wants his students’ to be technically acquainted with the changing IT trends. However in a course study of . NET framework class, in the very beginning of a lecture he found majority of the class was not serious about learning and in the last lecture he acknowledged that the remaining half of the students who actively participated in . NET session were not able to resolve simple . NET programming questions. According to Mcghee (2003) the new system which emerged in 2002 and highlighted various issues regarding information that universities would have or should have anyway and which is in any event assumed to be information normally produced by the HEI for its own internal QA procedures, has failed to identify the major cause of lacking skills among IT students. The QAA and HEFCE distinguish between information which should be available in all universities at a high level to enable academic quality and standards to be monitored, such as summaries of external examiners’ reports. (Mcghee, 2003, p. 44) An understanding of the importance of organisational culture in universities is important in designing quality assurance processes to apply to the use of ICT in teaching and learning, in making sure they are appropriate, and in being confident that they will gain acceptance. Effective management of universities is improved when the values of professional groups with strong shared cultures align with the organisational culture of the University. The design of quality assurance processes in teaching needs concerns about the values and roles of such groups, and to build on them from the top down and the bottom up, to maximise the effectiveness of such quality assurance processes. As far as quality is concerned, every year universities in UK traditionally work through coordination of collective decision-making processes, and this provides an important basis upon which issues relating to quality are played out. (Bhanot & Fallows, 2005, p. 23) It is therefore crucial to ensuring a student-centred approach to teaching and learning that quality assurance guidelines and measurable standards and performance indicators were established top down to adhere to standards, and bottom up to integrate with teachers’ judgements on the appropriateness of the educational applications of the technology. The real power of digital technology can be achieved only when we take advantage of the shift from the one-to-many character of broadcast media, to the many-to-many ability of digital networks. To this end, the most productive early applications of digital technology in higher education involved using computer conferencing, electronic mail, listservs (threaded discussions), and other computer-based collaboration technology to link together both students and faculty in highly interactive learning communities, unconstrained by geographical location or time. Students already make extensive use of digital technology for informal learning, typically without the involvement or even the awareness of the faculty. They build study groups, in some cases spanning several academic institutions, working together to seek information, answer questions, and develop learning skills. In a very real sense, such study groups based on computer networks are providing students with greater control over their educational experiences. They also represent a trend in which students construct their own consortia of learning resources and academic institutions just as the faculty build their own research consortia. Of course, these network-based student groups represent an important step toward active student learning. (In fact, when students are asked how they could best spend time on their college academic programs, they invariably rank student study groups at the very top, far above individual study or class attendance. ) On the other hand, today’s concept of a teacher is not what was in the past that a teacher is one who develops and presents knowledge to passive students. Today, faculty members who have become experts in certain subfields are expected to identify the key knowledge content for a course based in front of their students with an aim to inspire or impress their students. Only in this manner the students’ accept their tutors they should look forward to gain knowledge. Frequently, others, including graduate teaching assistants and professional staff, are assigned the role of working directly with students, helping them to learn, and providing them with guidance and counselling. In a future increasingly dominated by sophisticated educational commodities and hyper learning experiences, the role of the faculty member will shift. In the new paradigms where the demand of IT is increasing in our social and economic gatherings, the role of the faculty member has become that of nurturing and guiding active learning, not identifying and presenting content that is, they will be expected to inspire, motivate, manage, and coach students. (Atkins et al, 2002, p. 65) The widespread use of Information Technology does not mean that in a world driven by knowledge, students’ starts considering IT learning useless, enough or off-again experience. There is a need for people to realise that the only solution is to engage in continuous learning so that they can keep themselves and their skills updated. This need suggests that the relationship between a student, professor and the university may change just as we know that a student if gains technical skills of technology subjects can be ahead of his professor. Computer literacy courses were initially encounter between technical education in learning centres and theoretical education in universities, they emerged as a culture that regards microcomputer technology as a revolutionary social force, and faculty who regard the computer instrumentally as a tool or machine. Computer experts call IT knowledge that enables them to get command over mastery over the computer ‘problem solving’, which includes heuristics (‘powerful ideas’), attitudes about control (‘giving commands’), and social relations (‘consulting’) that transform the relationship between human and machine. (Shields, 1995, p. 24) Progressive reformers could not carry out their mastery program in IT earlier in the 20th century due to the reason that they did not have the means to deliver such individualised instruction. The advent of computer changed the Progressive movement thinking towards importance of students controlling their own learning; it had no way to create an environment that would allow such self-management to occur. (Schank, 1995, p. 67) Computer technology has made today’s students to acquire individualised attention and real possibility and possess the ability to present students with tasks they are interested in doing. The technical skills emerged from the IT has offerred students the possibility of becoming inquisitive, the possibility of exploration, and the possibility of recovery from failure that is free from embarrassment. Computer systems can free education centres and universities to follow the course prescribed by the processes of natural learning. In the same manner as understanding the place of technology and technological innovation requires an understanding of the culture in which the technology is embedded, in order to grasp the technological concepts a student has to understand and grasp the changes to IT. Computers where on one hand offer students to explore technology from the ground root level, on the other hand computers affects the ways students live and work in the context of existing individual and group social patterns. The Littlefield students did not believe that their increased access to computers distinguished them from other freshmen in significant ways, and our observations support this belief. Instead of isolating individuals, as computers are sometimes thought to do, the Littlefield network reinforced community life; the computers and the network presented a set of shared problems, the solutions to which were discovered through a set of shared resources. In this way, students’ interaction with the computers and with each other were typical of their behaviour in other domains. (Shields, 1995, p. 142)

Various Genetic Disorders Essays - Cytogenetics, Free Essays

Various Genetic Disorders Essays - Cytogenetics, Free Essays Various Genetic Disorders Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official name of La Maladie du Cri-du-Chat. The physical characteristics are evident in this disorder. There is a round moon-face, a low birth weight and a transverse palmar crease. When infants are born, it is their cry that stands out the most. It embodies a plaintive high-pitched wail, weak, and with a hint of stridor that sounds like that of a cat (Valtine 1969 p.113). This cry is the result of small vocal cords and a curved epiglottis. As these infants grow older their voice will eventually deepen and become more normal. The chromosome deletion is part of the short arm of a B group chromosome. It seems that the deletion comes about as a chance mishap, a break and then a loss at anaphase (Valtine 1969 p.114). Sickle cell disease is another disorder but is not caused by the deletion of a chromosome. Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait. This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises (the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells) occur (wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm). The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, these delicate red blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood cell devastation and thickening of the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim to the disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses. Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by the mother's elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988). Mental deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50. There are frequent mild manifestations of dysfunction and there are mild characteristics of a round face, thin upper lip, a small upturned nose and a deformed maxilla. Occasional abnormalities that are frequently associated with this disorder are sacral spine anomalies, cleft lip and irritability. The D1 Trisomy Syndrome is a very rare hideous disease that occurs during the time of infancy. Only just over a dozen cases on record. This diagnosis can often be made at birth due to the consistent abnormalities. The baby is frail, puny, and

Street Childern essays

Street Childern essays Millions of children all around the world live on the street and in poverty. Most of all these children are deprived of health care and education. Street Children is a term that was used by Henry Mayhew in 1851. Before these children were simply referred to as homeless of abandoned. In this paper the background, opinion and solutions to the problem will be assessed. The effects of several economic, social, and political factors have been known to bring about street children. An important social factor is the breaking down of families. Street children are less likely to come from a home headed by their father and less likely to have access to running water or toilet facilities...(Street Children in Latin America). Their parents are usually unemployed and illiterate. The economic problem stems from the fact that half of the population survives on 14% of the national income. Most street children are considered victims of economic violence. With all these factors working against the children in Latin American countries there is an estimated 30-170 million street children. These children range in ages 8-17 years old. With all these factors and the rising problem of street children is becoming recognized. In fact the major problem concerning street children is their visibility on the streets and the violation of their human rights. The pure fact that the number of these kids is growing its becoming a problem. So many children begging, peddling, stealing, sniffing, and loitering is the problem growing by the second. Not only is the problem growing but also human rights are being violated. Street children throughout the world are subjected to physical abuse by police or have been murdered outright, as governments treat them as a blight to be eradicated-rather than as children to be nurtured and protected. They are frequently detained arbitrarily by police simply because they are homeless, or ...

A Brief Biography of Princess Diana

A Brief Biography of Princess Diana Who Was Princess Diana? Princess Diana, the wife of British Prince Charles, endeared herself to the public through her warmth and caring. From her picture-perfect wedding to her untimely death in a car accident, Princess Diana was in the spotlight nearly at all times. Despite problems with so much attention, Princess Diana tried to use this publicity to bring attention to worthy causes such as the elimination of AIDS and landmines. She also became truly a princess of the people when she publicly shared her struggles with depression and bulimia, becoming a role model for those who suffer from those ailments. Dates July 1, 1961 - August 31, 1997 Also Known As Diana Frances Spencer; Lady Diana Spencer; Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales; Princess Di; Diana, Princess of Wales Childhood Diana was born in 1961 as the third daughter of Edward John Spencer and his wife Frances Ruth Burke Roche. Diana grew up in a very privileged family that had a long history of close ties with the royal family. When Dianas paternal grandfather passed away in 1975, Dianas father became the 8th Earl of Spencer and Diana gained the title of Lady. In 1969, Dianas parents divorced. Her mothers affair helped the court decide to give custody of the couples four children to Dianas father. Both of her parents eventually remarried, but the divorce left an emotional scar on Diana. Diana attended school at West Heath in Kent and then spent a short time at a finishing school in Switzerland. Although she was not an excellent student academically, her determined personality, caring nature, and cheerful outlook helped her through it. After returning from Switzerland, Diana rented an apartment with two friends, worked with children at the Young England Kindergarten, and watched movies and visited restaurants in her free time. Falling in Love With Prince Charles It was about this time that Prince Charles, in his early 30s, was under increasing pressure to choose a wife. Dianas vibrancy, cheerfulness, and good family background caught the attention of Prince Charles and the two began dating in mid-1980. It was a whirlwind romance for on February 24, 1981, Buckingham Palace officially announced the couples engagement. At the time, Lady Diana and Prince Charles seemed truly in love and the whole world was awed by what seemed like a fairytale romance. It was the wedding of the decade; nearly 3,500 people attended and approximately 750 million people from around the world watched it on television. To the envy of young women everywhere, Lady Diana married Prince Charles on July 29, 1981, at St. Pauls Cathedral. Less than a year after the wedding, Diana gave birth to William Arthur Philip Louis on June 21, 1982. Two years after William was born, Diana gave birth to Henry (Harry) Charles Albert David on September 15, 1984. Marriage Problems While Diana, now known as Princess Di, quickly gained the love and appreciation of the public, there were definitely problems in her marriage by the time Prince Harry was born. The stresses of Dianas numerous new roles (including wife, mother, and princess) were overwhelming. These pressures plus the extreme media coverage and post-natal depression left Diana lonely and depressed. Although she tried to maintain a positive public persona, at home she was crying out for help. Diana suffered from bulimia, cut herself on her arms and legs, and made several suicide attempts. Prince Charles, who was jealous of Dianas extra media attention and unprepared to handle her depression and self-destructive behavior, quickly started to drift away from her. This led Diana to spend the mid- to late-1980s, unhappy, lonely, and depressed. Dianas Support of Many Worthy Causes During these lonely years, Diana tried to find a place for herself. She had become what many describe as the most photographed woman in the world. The public loved her, which meant that the media followed her everywhere she went and commented on everything she wore, said, or did. Diana found that her presence comforted many who were sick or dying. She dedicated herself to a number of causes, most especially to the elimination of AIDS and landmines. In 1987, when Diana became the first famous person to be photographed touching someone with AIDS, she made a huge impact in dissolving the myth that AIDS could be contracted merely by touch. Divorce and Death In December 1992, a formal separation was announced between Diana and Charles and in 1996, a divorce was agreed to which was finalized on August 28. In the settlement, Diana was given $28 million, plus $600,000 per year but she was to give up the title, Her Royal Highness. Dianas hard-won freedom did not last long. On August 31, 1997, Diana was riding in a Mercedes with her boyfriend (Dodi Al Fayed), bodyguard, and chauffeur when the car crashed into a pillar of the tunnel under the Pont de lAlma bridge in Paris while fleeing from paparazzi. Diana, age 36, died on the operating table at the hospital. Her tragic death shocked the world. Initially, the public blamed the paparazzi for the accident. However, further investigation proved that the primary cause of the accident was that the chauffeur had been driving under the influence of both drugs and alcohol.

Company accounting Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company accounting - Statistics Project Example In Adjustment data, it is given that the A Ltd company purchased inventory from B and C Ltd companies which means that this is the inter-company transaction and should be eliminated from the opening inventory of A Ltd company. A Ltd company's ending inventory is $950, B Ltd company's ending inventory is $720 and C Ltd company's ending inventory is $780. In Adjustment data, it is given that the A Ltd company purchased inventory from B and C Ltd companies which means that this is the inter-company transaction and should be eliminated from the ending inventory of A Ltd company. .. In Adjustment data, it is given that the A Ltd company purchased inventory from B and C Ltd companies which means that this is the inter-company transaction and should be eliminated from the opening inventory of A Ltd company. The Amount of opening inventory mentioned in the Income Statement is derived as follows: A Ltd Company's opening inventory = Actual inventory - Inventory purchased from B Ltd- Inventory purchased from B Ltd. = $880 - $180 -$280 A Ltd Company's opening inventory = $420 B Ltd Company's opening inventory = $640 + $180 = $820 C Ltd Company's opening inventory = $790 + $280 = $1070 Total Opening Inventory = $2310 3. Inventory (31.1.2008) A Ltd company's ending inventory is $950, B Ltd company's ending inventory is $720 and C Ltd company's ending inventory is $780. In Adjustment data, it is given that the A Ltd company purchased inventory from B and C Ltd companies which means that this is the inter-company transaction and should be eliminated from the ending inventory of A Ltd company. The Amount of opening inventory mentioned in the Income Statement is derived as follows: A Ltd Company's ending inventory = Actual inventory - Inventory purchased from B Ltd- Inventory purchased from B Ltd. = $950 - $190 -$340 A Ltd Company's ending inventory = $420 B Ltd Company's ending inventory = $720 + $190 = $910 C Ltd Company's ending inventory = $780 + $340 = $1120 Total Ending Inventory = $2450

Designing an Evaluation Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Designing an Evaluation Method - Assignment Example To determine what practices are used by long term facility to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). To develop an educational module for nurses on ventilator bundle for prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) To review and update the existing ventilator bundle protocol for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in long term care. To determine a long term approach that is sustainable for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention in long term care The overall goal of my Practicum Project The overall goal of my practicum report is geared towards the prevention of pneumonia that is associated with ventilator (VAP) using the ventilator bundle in long term care. My practicum report seeks to determine the practices that are used by the facility in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). At the end of the practicum, I will be able to achieve all my mentioned objectives and goals. With my overall goal as the basis of my practi cum project, I will put my focus in identifying and determining mechanism that can be used by long term facilities to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia. ... The resulting outcome being solely as a result of the practicum report The effect created by the practicum The evidence that the practicum actually works Evidences of improved prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia Determination of success and the benchmarks of the elements of evidence The success of the practicum outcome will be determined using the set benchmarks of the practicum. The success of the practicum therefore will be ascertained when the practicum’s set objectives are met. The practicum project has an overall goal of that is geared towards the prevention of pneumonia that is associated with ventilator (VAP) using the ventilator bundle in long term care. When this is achieved, I will be confident to pronounce success of the practicum. In addition, other benchmarks of the elements of evidence may include: achievement of the set objectives within the specified length of time; the achievement of the intended impact of the practicum; improved general health and q uality of life among the patients with ventilator associated pneumonia; improved lifestyle and disease management; and retained attitude, behavior and knowledge of the patients with the condition (ventilator associated pneumonia). Application of evaluation methods and the needed resources During the practicum evaluation, I will use various methods of evaluation to ensure success is achieved. The methods of evaluation that I will apply include process evaluation, impact evaluation and outcome evaluation. This will ensure that the practicum is evaluated in terms of the quality of practice, needed resources, policies, and personnel; short term outcomes of the practicum; and long term outcomes respectively. The

The Changing Geography of International Business Essay - 1

The Changing Geography of International Business - Essay Example The word ‘Latin America’ is used to explain the collection of 21 countries in the continent of South America. The language that is spoken is Latin. It has been observed that Latin America enjoys components of historical experience, culture and language. Latin America is an ethnically diverse region and is also deemed as a mounting political and economic force. The main languages that are spoken in this continent are Spanish, Portuguese and French. Conventionally, the Hispanic family is a cohesive group and the most vital social unit. They generally believe in extended family. It has been observed that in Latin cultures, the familial group is quite crucial. In a few of the Latin American countries, peasants might leave their workplaces during holidays so that they can meet their relatives in other parts of the country. They also tend to attend the funeral, weddings of their friends, or distant relatives. A manager may be faced with greater difficulties related to non-atte ndance impacting the workplace to a major extent. According to a study conducted by Geert Hofstede for Latin American countries, it was noted that there is high power distance in Latin America. In Latin America, the people in higher level of authority expect to gain respect from others and are familiar to make decisions without taking into consideration the viewpoints of their subordinates. Latin America has low individualism rate. In Latin America gender roles become quite different in comparison to the United States, men hold the greater authority.

Cultural studies project on Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural studies project on Media - Essay Example "The King of Queens" is an Emmy nominated series that ran from 1998 to 2007. It showcases the life of blue-collar couple Doug and Carrie Heffman, as they struggle with work and other issues. "Ugly Betty" is particularly interesting because it represents the stereotypical migrant Mexican family, struggling to make ends meet in America. Betty was born of and lives with her poor but upright family, which comprises of her father, her older sister and her young, gay nephew. They are not the typical working class family for a variety of reasons. While in most cases, working class families are portrayed as scrupulous and scheming, Betty's family, most especially her father (whose values Betty tries to take after) are the paragons of morality in the show. Setting them against the high-paced, cruel fashion world where Betty works, they end up solving most of their problems and the problems of those around them, often without compromising their values. Also, Betty's family stays intact and loving amidst all of the drama. Usually, when a working class family is the subject of a television show, internal conflicts and uber-dramatic exits and falling outs within the family is the main drive of the story.

Injuries In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Injuries In The Workplace - Essay Example Active work participation and good supervision are some of the important aspects in ensuring hazards are identified and tackled. Nevertheless, it is important to train workers on ways of ensuring safety in their workplaces. In this study, an investigation will be conducted in respect to the relationship between injury rates and different conditions in the workplaces. Although many organizations have some means of preventing and controlling hazards in workplaces, the effect of some conditions such as the total hours allocated for working and the impact of sensitization on high risk work places compared to less sensitization in low risk work places is ignored in many studies (Kennedy et al, 2010). Therefore, this study will investigate the impact that variation in the number of working hours and lack of protective sensitization in low risk workplaces , have on injury rates in workplaces. Research question 1. Does giving workers more time to complete their work reduce injuries in work places? 2. Does workers operating in high risk workplaces experience low injury rates than workers who operate in less risky workplaces because of high sensitization in high risk work environments? Hypothesis Null hypothesis: More working hours and working in risky working environments do not have any effect on the injury rate. Alternate hypothesis: More working hours and working in risky working environments have significant effect on the injury rate. Method and results The number of actual hours worked by all employees in the area/team for the 12 month period ending 12/31/2009 were taken and recorded in an excel spreadsheets. Also, operations for supervisors differed in terms of activities and risks. Risk ranged from low (1) office related to high (7) manual material handling activities. This data was taken and recorded in an excel worksheet as well. Finally, the average rate of injuries per 100 employees over 12 month period was recorded on the excel worksheets. Among these variables, the injury rate was taken as the dependent variable while the level of risk and hours worked was taken as the independent variables. The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between injury rate on the one hand and hours worked and risk, on the other hand. In other words, the researcher formulated a statistical model to find out whether the risk and hours worked can be used to predict the rate of injuries in workplaces. The data collected in the excel worksheets are then imported into an SPSS for statistical analysis. In this case, a regression analysis was run and the following output was established. Table 1: Model summary Model R Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics 1 0.455191 0.432491 13.16423 F Change Sig. F Change 20.05217 0.000000 Table 2: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error 1 (Constant) 55.65025 6.654373 8.362959 .045 HOURS_WORKED RISK -0.000619 -2.080234 0.000128 0.988191 -4.855031 -2.105094 .000 .0405 a. Dep endent Variable: INJURYRATE Discussion and conclusion From table 2 above, the coefficient of hours worked is -0.000619 and that of the risk is -2.08. This means that the two independent variables are inversely related to the dependent variable. It also means that, when the hours worked and the level of risk is increased, the rate of injuries in the workplace is reduced (Morita, Lee & Mowday, 1993). The essence of this is twofold. First, when the workers are allocated adequate time to complete their tasks, there is a likelihood that they will concentrate and be more careful hence avoid injuries in the w

Cultural studies project on Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural studies project on Media - Essay Example "The King of Queens" is an Emmy nominated series that ran from 1998 to 2007. It showcases the life of blue-collar couple Doug and Carrie Heffman, as they struggle with work and other issues. "Ugly Betty" is particularly interesting because it represents the stereotypical migrant Mexican family, struggling to make ends meet in America. Betty was born of and lives with her poor but upright family, which comprises of her father, her older sister and her young, gay nephew. They are not the typical working class family for a variety of reasons. While in most cases, working class families are portrayed as scrupulous and scheming, Betty's family, most especially her father (whose values Betty tries to take after) are the paragons of morality in the show. Setting them against the high-paced, cruel fashion world where Betty works, they end up solving most of their problems and the problems of those around them, often without compromising their values. Also, Betty's family stays intact and loving amidst all of the drama. Usually, when a working class family is the subject of a television show, internal conflicts and uber-dramatic exits and falling outs within the family is the main drive of the story.

Decriminalization of Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decriminalization of Prostitution - Essay Example It is regarded as the world’s oldest professional, and it has global annual revenue of more than $100 billion. Prostitution is practiced in different ways. One and the oldest way are to sell it on the street, clubs, or pubs. This is mainly done by cheap prostitutes who will sell sex for loose change. Second way, is through brothels. A brothel is a dedicated room or building where prostitution takes place but in a civilized way. It is just the way you may go to a market and shop for groceries. The third one is escort prostitution, whereby a client can call a prostitute to his room or house. Escorts are also learned people and dress like a normal lady, and they can easily fit in a classy social event like for business or delegates events. There are three major terms that are usually discussed in this debate. Abolition: This is where a government comes up with a decision to abolish any form of prostitution. This includes the removal of any structure where prostitution is practice d. Legalization: this is when a government allows prostitutes to conduct their services like a normal business. However, the prostitutes have to be registered by the police and must follow the health policy for prostitution. ([Reynolds, H, (1985) the economics of prostitution, spring field, IL: C.C. Thomas.) Decriminalization: this is whereby the rules against prostitution are removed. Laws against pimping are also removed. With the removal of these laws, sex workers will now have the freedom of establishing their own associations and self help groups. I personally do not believe in the decriminalization of prostitution for a number of reasons which include the following. Prostitution that is already legalized creates a setting whereby crimes against women and children are in turn commercialized. The International Labor Organization report admits that most women ‘choose’ prostitution for economic reasons. Hence it is not of free will but they are forced into it by pover ty other vices. Prostitution as an institution, also, is morally wrong and cannot be deemed right despite the endless reasons and excuses given by individuals who indulge in the sex business. Prostitution also contributes to human trafficking to a large extent. This trade is fuelled to a large extent by the availability of women and children who have gone through the process of human trafficking. Another reason as to why prostitution should not be decriminalized is because of the amount of violence the women in the trade are exposed to .Legalizing it does not protect the women from such dangers. Studies show that women in the sex industry face high rates of violence. Research also shows that 82% of prostitutes had been physically assaulted since entering the prostitution, 80% had been physically threatened and some of those with a weapon. Some of those threats that were physical ended up with serous body wound such as gunshot wounds and knife wounds. Hence from the above statistics one can clearly see that prostitution in itself is a form of male violence against women and children, and decriminalizing it will only expose more of these prostitutes. Prostitution also contributes to the global spread of HIV and AIDS, this is because once a single prostitute is infected by the virus between the time she is infected and the time she realizes her status, the number of clients she may have infected is likely to be very high, not considering the number of additional persons she will infect if she decides to continue despite her knowledge of her status. The fight against rape cannot be won if prostitution is condoned this is because prostitution in itself is bought rape. Culture in which women can be bought for use is one in which rape flourishes. Also

Feedback Loops Essay Example for Free

Feedback Loops Essay DMSS processing will produce a variety of evaluation-specific outputs. A main document will be synthesized with the forecasts and reports regarding the DMSS effectiveness. The following will be enumerated in this document. (i) Organization performance, as well as, maturity assessments of the decision maker will be decomposed by the outcome projections. (ii) Phase and step ratings will be the separated form of the process projections, as well as, productivity appraisals and personal efficiency. (iii) The usage of the evaluated DMSS will determine the overall decision value. (iv) Further processing will be done by the advice and recommendation of the logic leading. The detailed documentation will be provided by such an enumeration, by which, the evaluation will be justified properly. The user will be available with several output options. The desired section of the main output will be displayed by the users on the monitor, and display will be able to print by the users. Alternatively, the entire document could be saved by the user into a file, and a hard copy could be printed for the display of the results. Point-and-click operations will allow the selection of all these options, which will allow the transparency of the processing to the user. Database entries can be updated or revised, specific knowledge can be evaluated, and evaluation model can be operational by the use of feedback from the actions of the evaluator, as signified by the input loop. The original analyses and evaluations can be modified, extended, and guided by the use of output feedback, as shown by the bottom loop. What-if-type sensitivity analyses have been included in the important further evaluations. In these analyses, specified changes in the outcome or process measures and their reactions on the DMSS effectiveness can be determined by the evaluator. (Dean 2006) Reliability of CBTIs (Customized Business Technical Information) Many computer-based systems for test interpretation also include options for computerized test administration and scoring. In most (but not all) cases, CBTIs have been constructed for instruments originally developed as non-computerized measures, raising issues regarding the equivalence of computerized and non-computerized administration formats. Concluded that by and large, computer-administered tests are essentially equivalent to booklet-administered tests. However, findings reported in that article and elsewhere suggest that conclusions regarding equivalence are more ambiguous than this. Scholar argued that equivalence between testing formats should be evaluated along both psychometric dimensions and experiential ones (eg, perceptual and attitudinal processes). They concluded that most studies have not addressed all the criteria for equivalence and have usually ignored possible differences in variances and criterion validity between computerized and traditional procedures. Although the strongest evidence for psychometric equivalence has been obtained for computerized adaptations of paper-and-pencil measures of personality, even here the data are mixed. For example, Honaker and Fowler cited four studies between 1974 and 1987 comparing computerized and booklet MMPI administration formats in which significant mean score differences were found on one or more scales. They noted that the status of the MMPI equivalency research is somewhat discouraging because the number of studies on the MMPI far exceeds that done for any other assessment instrument. A significant potential advantage of automated administration of psychological tests lies in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) in which only a subset of the complete item pool is presented, based on known item-response properties and idiographic response patterns of the respondent. Items lying outside the floor and ceiling of the individuals response pattern (i. e. , having either very high or very low probabilities of being answered in a particular direction) are omitted, thus providing greater efficiency of testing. Moreover, because CAT tailors the test to each individual, and each person responds to different subsets of items, anyone can be measured with the same degree of precision (i. e. , the same standard error), facilitating both accuracy and potential validity in predicting non-test criteria.

Pestle Analysis Of The Beer Industry Economics Essay

Pestle Analysis Of The Beer Industry Economics Essay This report examines two organizations operating in the same industry, and their responses to the environment during the period 2007 to 2009. Heineken N.V (Heineken or the company) operates internationally through a global network of distributors and breweries. The company is one of the leading brewers that owns and manages a portfolio of more than 200 varieties of international premiums, regional, local and specialty beers. It owns or joint ventures 125 breweries and distributors in over 70 countries in five geographic segments: Europe, the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and Asia Pacific. It is headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and employs about 55,301 people. SABMiller is similarly engaged in the production and distribution of beer, malts and carbonated soft drinks. Its brands include international premium beers and the company primarily operates in the Americas, South Africa and Europe. It is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom (UK) and employs about 68,635 people. The companys markets its products in both the developed economies in Europe and North America to emerging markets such as China and India. SABMiller is also one of the largest bottlers of Coca-Cola products in the world. SABMillers operations segmented across beer manufacturing and soft drinks business and also has brewing interests or distribution agreements across six continents. This report critically analyzes Heinekens financial performance compared with one of its many competitors, SABMiller and examines the market conditions and economic statistics during the period 2007 to 2009. 2. ECONOMIC OVERVIEW In the report entitled Emerging or Developed Markets which will lead global economic recovery? by SABMiller Globalization Debates, it was concluded that Western developed economies will be the hardest hit by the current economic slump. The report confirmed that major nations and regions would emerge from this slump by the first or second half of 2010. The Middle East was expected to be the first to recover, followed by China and India. Canada is the highest place of the developed nations, in fourth. The United Kingdom (UK) and Italy were expected to be last to emerge into recovery. Heineken N.V. Heineken N.V. in its first trading update in 2009 made the following statement, The global economic downturn, bad weather and smoking bans caused global beer sales volumes to drop 6.3 percent in the first three months of 2009. However, better selling prices largely compensated for lost volumes, yielding a revenue decline of only one percent. In the first quarter of 2009, revenue increased 24 percent compared with the first quarter of 2008 owing to first-time consolidations and better pricing. This was partly offset by the financial impact of lower volume and unfavourable exchange rate fluctuations. Organically, revenue decreased one percent. Beer sales volumes declined across West European markets, while in Africa and the Middle East volumes grew. Organic volume was adversely impacted by a combination of factors, including the global economic downturn, unfavourable weather, the continued effect of smoking bans, distributor destocking, excise duty increases and selling price increases, Heineken said. Given this scenario, the company focused in 2009 on initiatives to reduce debt and costs, and improve the performance of newly acquired companies. In February 2009, Heineken announced a 74 percent drop in 2008 net profit but said it remained optimistic, as beer consumption was relatively resilient in hard economic times. The exceptional economic circumstances required Heineken to reduce the value of goodwill in Russia, their investment in India and the pub portfolios in the United Kingdom (UK). In Malaysia, consumer confidence reached an all-time low and with that Malaysians became the worlds third greatest savers, with more than half choosing to cope with rising costs by cutting down on their spending. Heineken in recognizing its challenges recommitted to utilizing its global marketing excellence to build its key brands across all markets and to maintaining, or where possible improving, its price positioning. SABMiller SABMiller, its competitor also reported, in a trading update, a dip in global beer volumes for  its fourth quarter of 2009, reflecting the impact of the economic downturn in its markets across Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. Compared to a similar basis, beer sales by volume  were flat for the 12 months to the end of March 2009 and fell by 1% in the final quarter of the year. Beer volumes on a non-comparable basis rose by 2% for the year of 2009. Beer sales suffered in the fourth quarter of 2009 due to the effects of the global economic downturn on consumer spending, the UK-listed brewer said. It added, however, that full-year sales revenue rose by high single digits, due to beer price rises, and that trading for the year of 2009 was in-line with the companys expectations. In 2009, Eastern Europe proved particularly difficult for SABMiller. Like-for-like beer volume sales in Russia fell by 7%, due to wholesalers running down their stocks amid weakening consumer confidence, although volumes were flat in the fourth quarter. SABs volumes also fell by 4% in Czech Republic for the year. Volumes rose by 18% in Romania, but slowed significantly in the second half, the brewer said. In other markets, China reported a 4% rise in beer volume sales for the year, despite a weakening economy and the earthquake in 2008 in Sichuan province, one of SABs strongholds in the country. China saw double-digit growth in the fourth quarter. SABMillers ability to contribute its business profitability was largely due to the impact of its business in Latin America and in the United States where it performed reasonably well. 3. THE BEER INDUSTRY 1The saturation of traditionally thriving beer markets such as North America and Europe has driven the consolidation of the industry. Major brewers have sought growth through strategic mergers and acquisitions, which has reorganized the industry and strengthened the market positions of the industrys largest brewers. Expansion into key emerging markets has become a strategic priority for leading firms, who are now competing for market share in several important regions of the world (Hutter, pg. 1). China In 2003 China eclipsed the US as the worlds largest beer market. Although China has low unemployment levels and growing urban centres, it is seen as the worlds next big consumer market. The local beer industry is firmly established and contains approximately 300 brewers (Slocum, et al. p. 35), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨primarily supplying the urban coastal areas. Many multinational firms have invested heavily in the Chinese beer market and although there is a threat of overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ saturation, relatively low perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨capita consumption levels indicate that this market has room to grow. India 1India is one of the worlds fastest growing consumer markets. A rapidly growing population, an emerging middle class with rising perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ capita incomes and blossoming urban centers make India a powerful emerging market. India has an established local beer industry and although perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ capita consumption is low, as the country becomes more westernized younger generations have the potential to be highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ volume consumers. However, regionalism, political unrest and the potential for growing pains temper this markets attraction. South Africa South Africa is one of the fastest growing beer markets in the world. This region has an active domestic brewing industry and a population of high perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ capita beer consumers. Favorable agricultural conditions exist for harvesting beer ingredients and consumer tastes are shifting from sorghumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based beer toward Westernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ style products creating growth opportunities for light beer and specialty brewers. However, SABMiller, one of the largest brewers in the world has roots in South Africa and has a strong market position there. Opportunity still exists in this market for brewers keen on pursuing a market thirsty for western imports. South Africas beer market provides an attractive investment opportunity for a multinational firm looking to capitalize on this regions high perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ capita consumption and changing, westernized, tastes. Russia Latin America 1The early 2000s saw booming beer consumption rates in Russia, which spurred a flurry of foreign investment, but a subsequent slowdown and strict government regulations have driven this markets costs up. Russias longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ standing preferences for spirits have waned and beer is now more ingrained in the culture, but brewers must now find opportunity in the higherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨margin specialty markets. Latin America is an active beer market with high growth potential, largely driven by growth in key demographics, a favorable farming climate, Brazils developing economy and Mexicos high levels of beer consumption. Supporting Data Figure 1.1 shows that China surpassed the US as the worlds larges beer market in 2003. However, as Figure 1.2 demonstrates, the country has relatively low perà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ capita consumption rates suggesting that Chinas growth has been driven by its massive population. Whether this unique dynamic limits growth or represents significant room for growth will be a key factor in Chinas future strength as a beer market. Figure 1.3 demonstrates recent general population growth trends for the key growth demographic of 15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 34 yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ olds. Asia and Latin America have shown significant growth while the US and Western Europe haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ demonstrated flat or negative growth rates. This is further evidence that the key growth opportunities in theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ brewing industry are primarily in emerging markets, rather than traditional established markets. 3.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS ON THE INDUSTRY PESTLE is the Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors that describes the macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. The following factors demonstrates: Political (includes Legal) The beer brewing industry is one that faces a large amount of government regulation. A cause for the large amount of regulation is due to the fact that in some areas brewers can be regulated by the federal government, state governments, and localities. The federal government has seven different areas of regulation relating to the beer industry. The area relating to breweries and beer production is the one that affects the beer brewing industry. The government agency that is responsible for regulating this industry is the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. The bureau has issued regulations regarding brewing of beer that include restrictions on the location, use, construction, and equipment of breweries, as well as laws pertaining to the qualification of breweries and their issuance of bonds and consents of surety. Beer breweries also face brewing process regulations include mandatory approval of the formula and process for domestic flavored beers, such as lambics, and requirements for the measurement of beer. In addition, federal law imposes a special occupational tax (SOT) on all brewers. Breweries also face state regulations that vary according to each individual state in which they are located. The government regulations that breweries face help to prevent barriers to entry for potential firms considering entry into this industry. This is a benefit to the firms currently in the industry as it promotes an environment that is conducive to sustainable profits. Economic The Scope of competitive rivalry is one the best ways to identify the economic characteristics of any industry; with the beer industry the scope entails the global geographic area over which most of the leading brewing leaders compete. Penetration in the foreign market arena is becoming a key success indicator for most of the competitors in the beer industry. The market size of the beer industry is incredible. As you can see, this is a very large industry, which provides many jobs, and the market consists of many competitors, some being very large and some operating on a very small scale. The competitive rivalry is broken up into three segments, National, Regional, and Microbrewers. National competitors have wide market coverage and generally a large company. Regional competitors are smaller than National in the fact that they only distribute in certain regions. Microbrewers are the smallest of the three because their size and capacity limit them to only distribute to small geographic areas. The market growth rate of the beer industry is perplexing. Economies of scale are defined by Porter as the declines in unit costs of a product as the absolute volume per period increase (Porter 7). Therefore the greater quantity of a product that is produced the lower the cost of each will be to the producer. This creates an advantage for a high volume producer like those seen in the brewing industry. Economies of scale in the brewing industry also exist in areas other than in production and these include purchasing, distribution, and advertising. For example, national brewers achieve economies of scale in advertising through bulk media purchases and umbrella brand marketing. Local-craft brewers spend more than twice that spent by large brewers on marketing and advertising per barrel. Social Cultural Issues Throughout history there has consistently been opposition to the sale and use of alcohol. This opposition to the use of alcohol traditionally stemmed from a moral or religious opposition to the consumption of alcohol. Today however, increasingly it isnt a moral or religious reason that prompts this opposition; its the negative medical effects that abuse of alcohol has been shown to have on the human body. Society is also feeling the effects of alcohol abuse; it is because of this that Sin Taxes have been levied on alcohol, as an attempt for government to find a ways and means to profit from the sale and consumption of alcohol. Technological New harvesting and production technologies must be identified to increase process efficiency and ensure continued growth. Environmental The beverage industry is extremely competitive, with private labels greatly influencing the environment. In developing markets, the consumption of beer has fluctuated due to changing beverage preferences and relatively slow population growth among key demographics. Brewers must seek growth in developing countries such as India, China, South Africa and others, where global middle class is rapidly emerging. Therefore, players in the beer industry should look for ways to reinvent themselves in attracting the younger generations by responding to varying tastes and a wide range of products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ 4. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The years selected for review were 2007, 2008 and 2009. The outlook of these three years provides a perspective on general developments in the international beer industry, their effects on Heineken and SABMillers position, its profit forecast and its capital investment. It examines some key financial ratios, analyzing its profitability and liquidity making a comparison between Heineken and its competitor, SABMiller. The factors, which were used by the company, are contained in the report to shareholders by the Chairman and the Chief executive Officer and it is this report that provides the basis for our review. The analysis of operating ratios is seen in Appendix I and II. 4.1 The Chairman Chief Executive Officer Overview for 2007 2009 4.1.1 Heineken N.V. 2007 According to the review, 2007 was an outstanding year because of the following: The company achieved cost reductions New profit grew by 22.6% Beer volumes increased by 6.5% Premium segment increased by 10% Strategic acquisition Building leadership and; There was focus on selective opportunities For 2007, Heineken continued to benefit from their ability to extract value from their mature markets. In May of 2007, Heineken renewed the sales and marketing agreement in the USA for a further ten years which would significantly impact the growth segment in the US markets and secondly, they regained control of the Amstel brand in South Africa and decided to construct a brewery there. Performance for their Central and Eastern European (CEE), African and Asian markets were considered outstanding given the state of the market and showed signs of growth in profit and volumes. Consolidated volumes grew by 9 percent and earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) (beia) rose by 22 percent. With an 18 percent volume growth and 41 percent EBIT increase, Africa and Middle East region was again consistent in rowing both its consolidated volumes and EBIT (beia) and their Asia Pacific region continued its positive growth in volumes, revenue and profitability. Heinekens strategy continued to focus on ensuring that environmental and social sustainability remained high on their agenda. They strengthened their existing commitment to responsible consumption activities in partnership with their employees, the industry and third parties in order to play an active role in addressing alcohol misuse. They continued to maintain their focus on meeting the environmental and safety targets that they have set for themselves an invested in their people and business resources. 2008 2008 was considered a unique year, there was large-scale industry consolidation, a global slowdown in category growth, significant increase in input cost and cost pressures and above all, an unprecedented economic crisis. Heineken managed to maintain in this environment a strong organic growth in net profit of 11 percent, revenue growth of more than 27 percent and 16 percent increase in group volume. However, goodwill in Russia had to be reduced due to the economic circumstances as well as their investments in India and the pub portfolios in the United Kingdom. Heineken entered 11 new markets and completed the largest acquisition in their history in 2008. They attained leading positions in 59 of their 66 markets, none of which accounts EBIT (beia) for more than 10 percent. The economic downturn impacted significantly on the performance in UK and a combination of other factors such as smoking bans, excise duty increased and adverse exchange rates. In this regard, Heineken reduced costs significantly, restructured parts of their business and improved pricing in order to increased the efficiency and profitability of the UK business. Heineken continued to focus on increasing their value share in all markets by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their marketing investments. They also focused on reducing their debt levels and introduced a company wide program aimed at restoring their cash conversion rates to more than 100 percent by 2011. 2009 In 2009, the company focused on a creating a more globally competitive business as a number of beers showed a reduction in sales in 2008 because of the economic slowdown. Transformation occurred and focus moved to growing their brands and value share in critical markets, leveraging their leadership position and developing specific action plans to grow and strengthen their business and the category. Heineken also looked at ways to accelerate their investment in consumer focused innovation. 4.1.2 Results of 2007 2009 ACTIONS In summary, an overview of the period 2007 to 2009, will indicate that Heineken was one in which the company found its market place affected by a number of very challenging events and it responded through various interventions. At the end of the period the company was transformed and able to survive. The operating profit margin declined over the years, 2007 to 2009. Although there was a decline in operating profit, Heineken is still effective in controlling its cost and expenses associated with its business operations. After reviewing its financial statements net profit continues to grow well ahead of their forecast as beer volumes continue to grow. From 2007 to 2009, cash flow from operating activities continue to improve mainly due to: Cash flow from operations before changes in working capital and provisions increased Decrease in working capital; resulting in a positive contribution to cash flow Decrease in cash flow used in operational investing activities as a result of reduced CAPEX. Heinekens net profit has grown over the years with an increase of 11 percent between 2007 and 2008 and a further increase of 18 percent from 2008 to 2009. Despite the economic downturn, Heineken experienced the highest number and value of new acquisitions ever, however, the economic situation impacted the value of certain assets and investments, it affected foreign translation reserve, hedging reserve in equity and also impacted other net financing expenses significantly. Revenues increased over the years showing a 27.3 percent between 2007 and 2008 and a 2.7 percent between 2008 and 2009. However there was a fall in beer volumes in 2009 due to the economic environment and excise duty increases. This is reflected in the decrease in the operating profit margin. The return on equity ratio had a significant decline between 2007 and 2008. This impact came about as a result of the investments made in that year when Heineken entered 11 new markets and completed their largest acquisition in history when they acquired the Scottish and Newcastle businesses in the UK, Portugal, Finland, Belgium, Ireland, India and the USA. In addition, they acquired breweries across Europe and Africa and they began construction of a brewery in South Africa. These investments would also have impacted on the returns received in that year. Heineken continued to outperform the sector with EBIT growth over the years. In 2007, the performance from the Central and Eastern European, African and Asian markets was outstanding and began to deliver on their potential for both profit and volume growth. As in 2007, the Africa and Middle East continued to grow in volume and profits hence increasing EBIT figures while Asia Pacific region continued its solid growth record. In 2009, Heineken continues to benefit from developing markets with a further increase in EBIT. In analyzing the current ratios, the companys shows that it is unable to pay off its obligations when they become due. However it does not necessarily mean that the company will go bankrupt as there maybe ways to access financing but it shows that the company may not be in good financial health. In concluding, Heineken has a high gearing ratio and based on the beer industry this can be considered risky. This is so as shareholders are concerned at the very high level of debt relative to equity and borrowers might doubt the companys potential to service the interest in new borrowings. High gearing ratios simply indicate that a company has placed a greater reliance upon borrowing than equity to finance its operations. The higher the ratio the more highly geared or levered the company is said to be. Although it should provide a higher return to its shareholders when the economy is experiencing boom conditions, during period of increased interest rates, economic recession or simply loss of customers the opposite will apply. A company which has high gearing is particularly vulnerable and might find that it cannot continue to finance its borrowings. 4.1.3 SABMiller Analysis 2007 2007 was a successful year for the group when developing and developed market operations generated 10 percent organic growth in larger volumes and 12 percent growth in earnings before interest and tax and amortization (EBITA). SABMillers total volumes in lager, soft drinks and other beverages increased and their net cash was 22 percent above the prior year reflecting the overall strength of the trading performance and strong cash characteristics. That year, SABMiller shaped and expanded its international portfolio business. Acquisitions and joint ventures in China, Vietnam, Australia and Angola have been further steps in creating an attractive, international spread of businesses with good exposure to fast growing, developing markets. 2007 was a year of good growth with strong performance in the fourth quarter. However there were challenges in increased commodities, cost pressures and the need to rebuild share of premium segment in South Africa. Despite those challenges, progress was expected. 2008 In 2008, economies in general and the brewing sector were faced with challenges such as the economic melt down and the food price inflation. However, SABMiller beverage volumes continue to grow and the net cash generated an increase from 2007. 2008 was a year of strong growth with results continuing the trend of several strong years. 2009 SABMillers growth over the previous two years had been almost double their normal expectations, despite with the growing economic pressures on consumers. In 2009, commodity prices and the cost of brewing materials increased. However, SABMiller delivered yet another year of creditable results as beverage volumes continues to grow. The market capitalization also grew and SABMIller continued to invest in the business, with capital expenditure during the year totaling some US$2,100 million and acquisitions a further US$300 million. Despite this very significant investment, net debt at the year-end was lower than the prior year and the group remains financially strong. SABMiller continued to develop their international portfolios with joint ventures in the United States. 4.1.4 Results of 2007 2009 ACTIONS In summary and overview of the period 2007 2009 for SABMiller also found its external environment changed by circumstances and responded by a number of changes to its business model. At the end of the period, it has grown through market growth. SABMiller reported EBITA profit measures give shareholders additional information on trends and make it easier to compare different segments. Segmental performance is reported after the specific apportionment of attributable head office service costs. There has been a continued growth in EBITA margins as it grew 12% in 2007, 9% in 2008 on an organic, constant currency basis. In 2007, reported EBITA, which includes the impact of currency movements and acquisitions, grew by 22% and in 2008, SABMiller managed to maintain an EBITA of 17.4% and growth in EBITA reflects the benefits of volume and revenue increases as well as productivity. Between 2007 and 2008, net cash inflow from operating activities before working capital movements, Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) rose 12% and continues to grow in the following years. The groups cash flow generation was again strong as demonstrated by the ratio of EBITDA to revenue (both metrics excluding results of associates) at 21% (2007: 22%). Total assets continue to increase over the years. Goodwill increased in 2007 and 2008 as a result of foreign exchange on goodwill denominated in currencies other than the US dollar and on the acquisition of the Fosters India business and the various minority interest acquired. However, Goodwill decreased in 2009, primarily as a result of the contribution of goodwill relating to the Miller business into the MillerCoors joint venture and the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on goodwill denominated in currencies other than the US dollar. In addition, goodwill was reduced by impairments in Europe, partially offset by goodwill arising on acquisitions in Europe and Africa and Asia. During the period there was also a marginal increase in equity earnings attributable to minorities less balances acquired as part of minority interest acquisitions. The group has a good record of generating cash, and increases in cash generation reflect growth in profitability before interest and tax payments and investment activities. 5. ANALYSIS Heineken N.V. vs. SABMiller Some Observations A SWOT analysis was conducted to compare the positioning of both companies as it relates to the industry. The following was taken from Data Monitor report (published on August 12th 2010) and these were the findings of the analysis: Heineken N.V. Strengths Strong and diverse brand portfolio. Large scale of brewery and distribution network for efficient global supply chain management Brand innovation to adjust with the changes in consumer tastes and preferences Strategic planning and cost containment measure to improve cash flow and profit margins Opportunities Rising disposal income and cultural shift towards alcoholic beverages in Asia Association with sports events enhances the companys visibility and popularity Partnerships and strategic acquisitions Weaknesses Higher debt poses liquidity problems Weak presence in the top beer consuming countries Threats Declining beer market in Europe Stringent advertising regulations for alcoholic drinks SABMiller Strengths Globally spread operations Wide portfolio of international and local brands Opportunities Partnering with big retailers Booming beer industry in China Strategic alliance Weaknesses Sluggish financial performance Weak employee productivity Weak liquidity position Threats Rising raw material prices Sluggish growth in the US and Europe Increasing labour costs The global economic environment will continue to lead to lower beer consumption and down-trading in a number of regions in the foreseeable future. Heineken N.V. However Heineken plans to continue utilizing its global marketing excellence to build its key brands across all markets and to maintaining, or where possible improving, its price positioning. Price increases will be at levels well below of those of 2009. Heineken aims to continue passing on excise duty increases through its higher sales prices. Heineken has significant market leadership in Europe and there are plans to capitalize on this opportunity despite the intense competition. However, that task would not be easy given the economic, market, consumer and regulatory dynamics across many markets. The company will leverage their leadership positions and develop specific action plans to grown and strengthen the business and the category. Heineken will accelerate their investment in consumer-focused innovation especially on the Heineken brand. SABMiller SABMiller has a record of improving its productivity over time, notwithstanding increases in capital investment and in sales and marketing expenses. In summary, the group delivered resilient underlying results over the period 2007 to 2009 despite the strong h

Analysis of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essay -- Kate Chopin St

Back in 1894, the American writer Kate Chopin wrote the short-story "The Story of an Hour". Chopin, born O'Flaherty, wasn't renowned as a writer during her time, but she has achieved recognition in the 20th century especially with her 1899 novel "The Awakening". Her stories about strong women have really been paid attention to in relation to this century's sexual liberation debate. This short-story revolves around what goes through a person's head when informed that a close family member has perished. However, I wouldn't say that this is the theme of the story, which I'll get back to. Louise Mallard is a young, yet married woman who suffers from heart trouble, and that's why her closest relatives feel that they have to break the news to her as gently as possible. Immediately after hearing the shocking news, Louise starts crying, and storms into her room. Since Louise spends the majority of the short-story in her room, this is the setting of the story. Noone really knows early in the story how Louise really feels about her husband dying. But the author certainly gives some evident hints. The fourth paragraph's content, which revolves around the period of time where Louise has just entered her room, is fairly surprising. Everyone would expect Louise to weep with agony and pain, but instead she sits calmly down: "There stood, facing an open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair." The interested reader will already here discover that something is terribly wrong, since a word like comfortable is used. A newly widdowed woman would probably not look upon a chair as comfortable shortly after receiving the terri... ...t she starts dreaming about it. That shows that she has an enormous respect for her husband, and doesn't dare to do anything that breaks or is in variance with his rights, restrictions and groundrules. Today we have procedures and laws regarding women's rights when it comes to feeling trapped in a marriage and urging to end it. Getting a divorce from one's husband is about as easy for women nowadays as opening a can of beer. Nevertheless, Chopin's story tells a lot about the situation women were in a century ago, and its morale has blossomed lately following the recent liberation debate. "The Story of an Hour" has probably inspired a great deal of women to oppose their husbands if they feel like their marriage isn't quite as jolly as it ought to be.

Milk Production in India Essay

1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MILK SOCIETY FARMERS IN AVANOOR PANCHAYATH. Avanoor is one of the village in puzhakkal taluk, thrissur district, Kerala state: panchayath situated with18. 25 square kilometer total land size. Total population in Avanoor Panchayath is 20040. Among the total population 9729 males and 10311 females. Avanoor bounded with Mundathicode and velur panchayath in the North, Kaiparambu panchayath in the west, Adatt and Kolazhy panchayaths in the south, Mulankunnathkavu panchayath in the east. Among the total population 1576 engaged in the dairy farming activities. Among the total number of dairy farmers 593 female dairy farmers. Livestock population in Avanoor panchayath according to the 18th livestock census. In 2008 September 18th shown in the following table. Ward No:No : Of house hold having cattleNo : Of cattle cross breadNo: Of cattle localNo :Of house holds having buffaloesNo: Of buffaloesNo: Of house holds having goatNo: Of goats 175238—34163 276 (5)17512282596 32254—612 4651321113878 52970—1331 642862282559 7622407-1132178 836 (1)741112683 935 (11)6419123188 1042104—2187 1117143—2689 1215 (5)306–1749 1368165—1657. 14930—1475 Total623 (22)16053816313241145 2. SOURCE:- LIVESTOCK CENSUS REPORT OF AVANOOR PANCHAYATH. In Avanoor panchayath which is the place from the sample selected having mainly 4 co-operative milk societies. They are :- Avanoor ksheera vyavasaya sahakarana sangham under Kerala vyavasaya sahakarana sangham Velappaya ksheerolpathaka sahakarana sangham under Anand Pattern Co-Operative Societies (APCOS). Kolangattukara ksheerolpathaka sahakarana sangham under Anand Pattern Co-Operative Societies. Varadiyam ksheerolpathaka sahakarana sangham under Anand Pattern Co-Operative Societies. Among these Avanoor Ksheera Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangham started 1st in the year 1979, others are started in 1998. In the study mainly considered 50 dairy farmers in the panchayath from the total 1576 dairy farmers in the sample frame let us examine the socio economic conditions of the dairy farmers considered through the sample. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONENTS SI No :IndicatorsNo: Of RespondentPercentage To The Total 1Age (5) (29) (16) 10% 58% 32% 20-40 40-60 >60 Total50100% 2Gender (38) (12) 76% 24% Male Female Total50100% 3Educational Qualification (2) (18) (20) (9) (2) 4% 36% 40% 18% 4% Illiterate Primary. High school Pre Degree Graduate Total50100% 4Occupation (20) (20) (10) 40% 40% 20% Primary Secondary Territory Total50100% 5Size Of Land Holding (3) (12) (35) 6% 24% 70% < 10 cent 10-20 cent >20cent Total50100% 6Annual Income – (15) (35) – 30% 70% 20000 Total50100% 7State Of Membership (43) (7) 86% 14% Member Non Member Total50100% 8Portion Of Livestock(13) (19) (18)26% 38% 36% 1 2 >3 Total50100% SOURCE:- COMBILED FROM PRIMARY DATA The given table shows the sample size classification according to their age, sex, landholding educational qualification, occupation, annual income, state of membership, possession of livestock. Advancly given the information about some matters. ?No Muslim dairy farmers can get under the sample frame. ?Except 10 persons all others in the sample size having concrete houses, their own well, above poverty line, owned houses. ?Only three members in the sample frame having any type of remittances from abroad. ?Only one among the fifty sample having Bio gas plant, all members are enjoyed the facility of electricity. Under the sampling no persons having goat and buffalo for milking included. They are not selected in the random. SAMPLING METHOD:- From the classification in the table shows that sample selected with the inclusion of non members of co-operative societies. Forty three among the to sample size of 50 having membership in the milk society. No one among the 50 dairy farmers in the sampling having annual income less than 10000. Seventy percentage of the persons having more than 20000 as annual income. Fifteen among the fifty having an annual income between 10000 and 20000. The sample study reveals that thirty eight percentage of persons or dairy farmers having two cows. Eighteen farmers having three or more than 3 cattle’s. And thirteen persons of the sample of fifty dairy farmers having only one cattle. Most of the dairy farmers in the sample size involved in an age range of forty to sixty. Only ten percentage included in the younger category of twenty to forty age limits, all others are aged more than sixty. Seventy six percentage among them are males. Only twenty four percentage female participation we can calculated on the basis of sample. Thirty five persons among the fifty are the holders of more than twenty cent of lands. Among the sample size fifty, ten person’s involved in the territory sector occupations. Forty percentage involved in the primary sector occupation other forty percentages in the secondary sector jobs. With two illiterate person’s fifteen primary educated, twenty high schooled, nine pre degree holders and two graduates. The two persons among the fifty sample holders of loans amounted that two lacks for the dairy sector. One person only in the starting level with more than three cows and one buffalo with all other modernized farm facilities and workers for doing jobs there. One person lived with this as a major occupation for living with an overcoming of the loans taken by him for the dairy farming. In the samples who having cows less than three cows always interested to provide milk in the milk societies. In Avanoor Panchayath no private ventures in the milk field. More than fifty percent of the total sample size accept dairying as a major livelihood occupation. Only in two families having more than four members under the sample frame. Eighty percent of the samples having more than two or three acre land holdings through inheritance. The sample reveals that most of the dairy farmers interested to provide milk for societies only because of the services available to them like pensions, subsidized feeds for calves, artificial insemination facility clash availability through membership before the milk supplied to society. Provision of insurance etc†¦ Feeding of grass fodder was widespread. But it was mostly collected grass and not cultivated green-fodder. Paddy straw was the most important source of roughage. Mainly sample members are practiced with the feeding of cattle through send them to grass lands in the open fields. Which are help them to increase the production of milk and reduction of the cost of the milk production in Avanoor Panchayath. Non availability of facilities for grazing only three members among the total sample. The reasons for these for one person they maintaining high level cross bread cows which are imported from other states they are not adjusted in a high level to western countries climate so they are maintained under the cooling facilities. One person not healthy to grazing the cattle in the open fields. Another person is not avail any facility of grazed land. So two among them buy green fodder for high price. In the large farm in Avanoor Panchayath compared to the others, reports regular medical check-ups to their cattle to avoid serious diseases which are badly affect on the milk production. They are avail always healthy veterinary doctors service through the veterinary hospital in the Avanoor Panchayath. No one in the study can reports that their processed milk for producing another milk products. In Avanoor Panchayath such type of industries or small scale units are not existing with or without the assistance of co-operative milk unions in the Panchayath.