Literature Review: Organizational Development

Literature Review Organizational incrementThe topic under consideration is organizational exploitation, intimacy invention and replace prudence. The main focus of this look is to see how the process of understand concern is affected by organizational organic evolution and familiarity creation. In order to give way an over in all(prenominal) view of that these broad areas are their relationship with to each one otherwise, a literary works review was conducted.Worren Ruddle Moore (1999) explored about how over the years people direct moved from organizational development to a to a greater extent holistic view which is diverge oversight. According to this denomination the tools used in reposition management and organizational development are the same but the rationale behind it is different. For example bearing surveys are used in twain. In organizational development it was used to gauge job rejoicing and the climate of the organization but in intensify man agement it is smash of a strategy drive and holistic change program. This article basically uses explore of various other people to give us a complete picture of what change management is all about. According to them as now the dental plate of bu sinesses is increasing and so is the need for having specialize firms to administer change. They talked about interventionist and integrative strategies. Interventionist strategies are used in organizational development where as integrative strategies are used in change management.The variables taken from this article are change management and organizational development. These variables are very important for the research as it understandably defines what the word change management would mean when it would be used in the research. The definition alike takes both the culture and structure aspect of change management into account.The authors concluded that in order to increase the measurement and the overall feat of the organization the company as to use the integrative strategies because when the employees are a part of the complete process the resistance to change is minimized.Van de Ven Poole (1995) done their research gave a theoretical overview of how development and change management basically occurs. The article classifies four types development theories namely life- cycle theory, teleological theory, dialectical theory and evolutionary theory. The authors were of the opinion that these basic theories buns be used to explicate how change occurs in the organization. To explain that they developed a framework with these four theories and classified companies based on the dash and unit of change at various levels of organizational development. The conclusion they drew from their research was that as the organization grew in size the motors of change also get more complex because comes into play at once.Ikujiro Nonaka(1994) gives a crossways-the-board view of how companionship is created within t he organizations.The main variable identified for knowledge creation is innovation. It is defined as followsInnovation is a process in which the organization creates and defines problems and then(prenominal) actively develops new knowledge to knead themThe article also identifies three dimensions of knowledge creation. This includes epistemology, ontological and the spiral orderl of knowledge. The musical theme differentiates between codified, bollock (explicit) and informal, personal information. He concluded that the organization played a very important role as far as knowledge is concerned. The organization washbasin facilitate the creation of knowledge by promote socialization, inheringization of codified information into tacit information etc.Choi Lee (2002) stated that knowledge creation is very important to insure a persistent positive financial growth. The authors basically classify the knowledge creation management strategies into either human or system oriented. T hey used empirical data to picture the link between the mode of knowledge creation and its management strategies. The authors concluded that proper chemical grouping of the mode of knowledge creation used and the strategies involved is essential to achieve the desired financial advancement. For example it the mode of knowledge creation is socialization it should be aligned with the human strategy in order for it to be effective. It also found out knowledge creation strategies different with different types of departments that are taken into account. This research also gives us guidelines for future research which includes a comparative analysis between the service and the manufacturing sector. This story basically shows how qualitative variables discount be measured quantitatively. I will be using the survey as a guide when formulating the survey form etc.Bloodgood Salisbury (2001) talks about that organizations stick out lend oneself change and gain and maintain a complet ive advantage but this buttocks non be achieved by knowledge creation alone. Knowledge transfer and knowledge protection is as important. The authors hurt used the Resource-Based View (RBV) to explain how both types of information i.e. explicit and tacit hindquarters help in the change process and how they bath be transferred to achieve long-term benefit. In the paper they identified knowledge creation as a process which is based on creativity and a shared knowledge between a group of people which can be used to make new products as well as management strategies. The authors went on to stress that it is not just creating knowledge. It would be of no use if other can get that information from your company advantageously or it can be altered. So the protection of the knowledge is equally important for a business to remain competitive. To verify its safety security and legal measure should be used.Rune Todnems (2005) paper basically talks about things which should be taken care off when conducting research in the field of change management. This article basically takes into account various researches conducted in this field and then draws consensus based on the data they have. The two main findings of this paper were as followsFirstly, it is agreed that the pace of change has never been greater than in the current business environment (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2004 Burnes, 2004 Carnall, 2003 Kotter, 1996 Luecke, 2003 Moran and Brightman, 2001 Okumus and Hemmington, 1998 Paton and McCalman, 2000 Senior, 2002).Secondly, there is a consensus that change, being triggered by internal or foreign factors, comes in all shapes, forms and sizes (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2004 Burnes, 2004 Carnall, 2003 Kotter, 1996 Luecke, 2003), and, therefore, affects all organizations in all industries.W tote upell Sohal (1998) stated that resistance is as a critically important factor that can influence the triumph of change management. They defined it asResistance, in an orga nizational setting, is an expression of reservation which normally arises as a response or reaction to change (Block 1989)The authors throughout the paper talked about resistance. They were of the opinion that resistance to change should not be seen as a hurdle is had its own advantages. They used a lot turnary winding data to put their point across. Though their research they were able to conclude that resistance from the management can actually lead to greater stability in the extraneous environment. This conflict between the internal and the external environment which is brought about by change is actually healthy for the business as a whole. The authors also identified that resistance at sequence draws attention to certain aspects of change which might not be appropriate for the organization in the long run. The most important advantage concluded by them was that it settlements in an influx of energy within the organization which is healthy for the organization as it in turn results in toweringer levels of efficiency.Keller Aiken (2009) talks about some stereotypes which are prevalent about change management. They based their research on John Kotter research which was published in 1995. They basically identified some of the mistake which managers in all the organizations make then they are administrating change in the organization. The concluded that what motivate you as a person might not motivate most of the employees in the organization. So special attention should be given to the things that motivate the employees. Secondly they identified that the leaders/ managers who are bringing about the change should not believe that they are the change and just because the manager/ leader is influential you cannot guarantee effective change within the organization. They also went on to point out that good intentions of the managers are not enough to ensure that the change management will be effective. Employees all need some kind of monetary recognise to e nsure maximum compliance.Ash (2009) in his article basically talks about how change can be managed efficiently. He talks about the time lag between the decision is made and utilise and the results in the form of increased performance to be seen. According to him this is due to more resistance than expect by the top management from the side on the employees. He goes on to explain why organizations for the most part fail to minimize the negative consequences of transition. According to him most organizations do little to allay such fears and concerns which results in slow change process. People initially resist change is the uncertainty change creates.Theoretical role modelCDocuments and Settingsuser topical anaesthetic SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordun rubricd.bmpHypothesisH0= organization size will have an effect on change management?H1= organization size will not have an effect on change management?H0= internal stability would have a positive effect on change managem ent?H1= internal stability would have no or a negative effect on change management?H0= business performance will have an effect on change management?H1= business performance will not have an effect on change management?H0= knowledge creation has a positive jounce on change management?H1= knowledge creation has a negative impact on change management?H0= innovation results in knowledge creation?H1= innovation does not result in knowledge creation?H0= knowledge transfer has an effect on knowledge creation?H1= knowledge transfer does not have an effect on knowledge creation?Systolic Architecture narration and ApplicationsSystolic Architecture History and ApplicationsSYSTOLIC ARCHITECTUREA mesh of PEs that rhythmically give and pass data through the system is called systolic architecture. It is used as a co processor in combination with a drove computer and the behavior is analogous to the flow of blood through heart thus named SYSTOLIC. A systolic architecture has the following c haracteristics A massive and non-centralised parallelismlocal anesthetic communicationsSynchronous evaluation Example of systolic network1. Linear network2. Bi-dimensional network3. hexangular networkHISTORY-The systolic architecture paradigm, data-stream-driven by data counters, is the counterpart of thevon Neumann paradigm, instruction-stream-driven by a program counter. Because a systolic architecture usually sends and receives multiple data streams, and multiple data counters are needed to generate these data streams, it supportsdata parallelism.The namederives from analogy with the weak pumping of blood by the heart.H. T. KungandCharles E. Leierson published the first paper describing systolic begins in 1978 however, the first machine known to have used a similar proficiency was theColossus Mark IIin 1944.NEED FOR SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE-We need a high-performance, special-purpose computer system to meet specific exercise. I/O and deliberation unstableness is a notable pr oblem .The concept of Systolic architecture can map high-level computation into computer hardware structures .Systolic system is easy to implement because of its level(p)ity and easy to recon .Systolic architecture can result in cost-effective , high- performance special-purpose systems for a unsubtle range of problems.An efficient address to design very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures and a scheme for the implementation of the discrete sine transform (DST), based on an appropriate decomposition method that uses circular correlations, is presented. The proposed design uses an efficient restructuring of the computation of the DST into two circular correlations, having similar structures and only one half of the length of the original transform these can be concurrently computed and mapped on to the same systolic set off. Significant improvement in the computational induce can be obtained at a reduced input-output (I/O) cost and low hardware complexity, retaining all the other benefits of the VLSI implementations of the discrete transforms, which use circular correlation or cyclic convolution structures. These features are demonstrated by comparing the proposed design with some of the previously reported schemes.A more computationally efficient and ascendible systolic architecture is provided for computing the discrete Fourier transform. The systolic architecture also provides a method for decrease the array area by limiting the number of complex multi pliers. In one embodiment, the design improvement is achieved by taking advantage of a more efficient computation scheme based on symmetries in the Fourier transform coefficient matrix and the radix-4 butterfly. The resulting design provides an array comprised of a plurality of smaller base-4 matrices that can evidently be added or removed to provide scalability of the design for applications involving different transform lengths to be calculated. In this embodiment, the systolic array size pro vides greater flexibility because it can be applied for use with any transform length which is an integer multiple of sixteen. A systolic network is oft use with a host station responsible for the communication with the outside world.As a result of the local-communication scheme, a systolic network is easily extended without to add any burden to the I/O.CHARACHTERSTICS OF SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE-A massive and non-centralised parallelismLocal communicationsSynchronous evaluationData coming from the memory are used several time before to come back to it.These architectures are well suited for a VLSI or FPGA network implementation. otherwise characteristics A systolic network is often use with a host station responsible for the communication with the outside world.As a result of the local-communication scheme, a systolic network is easily extended without to add any burden to the I/O.PRINCIPLE OF SYSTOLIC ARCHITECHTURE-Systolic system consists of a set interrelated cells, each capabl e of performing some simple operation. Systolic approach can speed up a compute-bound computation in a relatively simple and inexpensive manner. Through systolic array we achieve higher computation throughput without increasing memory bandwidth.Which means that by using systolic architechture we can speed up our system. For eg. When we are using our simple aechitecture than we can perform atmost five million operatoins per second whereas by using systolic arrays in systolic architecture we can operate the system at a speed of 30 million operations per second.WORKING-Systolic architecture consists of simple cells ordered in some regular pattern ( elongated, bi-directional, triangular, hexagonal, etc.) where each cell usually performs one operation. Each bear on cell is connected to its neighbour or to a neighbour hood of affect elements by in brief signal paths. Both parallel and pipelined execution is implemented. A function that is to be performed can be stand for by a set of F unctional Primitives.The systolic structure has advantages of regularity and modularity over implementations of the block-state-variable form, as it is regular and an nth order filter is simply formed by cascading second order filters. Therefore it is more suitable for the VLSI implementation. The idea is to exploit VLSI efficiently by laying out algorithms (and hence architectures) in 2-D (not all systolic machines are 2-D, but most are). The architectures thus produced are not general but tied to specific algorithms. This is good for computation-intensive tasks (e.g. signal processing).TOOLS FOR SYSTOLIC ARCHITECTURE-SYSTOLIC ARRAY-Incomputer architecture, asystolic arrayis a pipe network arrangement of processing units called cells. It is a specialized form ofparallel computing, where cells (i.e. processors), compute data and store it independently of each other.We need a high-performance, special-purpose computer system to meet specific application. I/O and computation imbalanc e is a notable problem.The concept of Systolic architecture can map high-level computation into hardware structures. Systolic system works like an automobile assembly line. Systolic system is easy to implement because of its regularity and easy to recon. Systolic architecture can result in cost-effective, high-performance special-purpose systems for a wide range of problem.Systolic Array Example33 Systolic Array Matrix Multiplication-T=7DESCRIPTION OF SYSTOLIC ARRAYS- Description It is a network of interconnected processing units.Only the processors at the border of the architecture can communicate outside.The task of one cell can be summarised as receive-compute-transmitA systolic array is composed of matrix-like rows of data processing units called cells. Data processing unitsDPUsare similar tocentral processing units(CPU)s,(except for aprogram counter, since operation istransport-triggered, i.e., by the arrival of a data object). Each cell shares the information with its neighbo rs immediately after processing. The systolic array is often rectangular where data flows across the array between neighbour DPUs, often with different data flowing in different directions. The data streams entering and leaving the ports of the array are generated byauto-sequencing memoryunits, ASMs. Each ASM includes adata counter. Inembedded systemsa data stream may also be input from and/or output to an external source.An example of a systolicalgorithmmight be designed formatrix multiplication. Onematrixis fed in a row at a time from the top of the array and is passed down the array, the other matrix is fed in a mainstay at a time from the left hand side of the array and passes from left to right. Dummy set are then passed in until each processor has seen one whole row and one whole column. At this point, the result of the multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a row or a column at a time, flowing down or across the array.Systolic arrays are arrays of DPUs which are connected to a small number of nearest neighbour DPUs in a mesh-like topology. DPUs perform a sequence of operations on data that flows between them. Because the traditional systolic array synthesis methods have been practiced by algebraic algorithms, only uniform arrays with only linear pipes can be obtained, so that the architectures are the same in all DPUs. The consequence is that only applications with regular data dependencies can be implemented on classical systolic arrays. LikeSIMDmachines, clocked systolic arrays compute in lock-step with each processor undertaking alternate compute communicate phases. But systolic arrays with asynchronous handshake between DPUs are calledwave front arrays. One well-known systolic array is CMUs I Warp processor, which has been construct by Intel. An I Warp system has a linear array processor connected by data buses going in both directions. Super Systolic Array The super systolic array is a generalization of the systolic array. Because the classical synthesis methods (algebraic, i. e. projection-based synthesis), yielding only uniformDPUarrays permitting only linear pipes, systolic arrays could be used only to implement applications with regular data dependencies. By using simulated annealinginstead,Rainer Kresshas introduced the generalised systolic array the super systolic array. Its application is not restricted to applications with regular data dependencies.Applications-An application Example Polynomial EvaluationHorners rule for evaluating a polynomial isy= ((((an*x+an 1) *x+an 2) *x+an 3) *x+ +a1) *x+a0A linear systolic array in which the processors are arranged in pairs one multiplies its input byxand passes the result to the right, the next addsajand passes the result to the right.Advantages and Disadvantages-ADVANTAGESFasterScalableDISADVANTAGESExpensiveHighly specialized for particular applicationsDifficult to buildMore about systolic architectures -Systolic architectures are designed by using linear mapping techniques on regular dependence graphs (DG).Regular Dependence Graph The comportment of an edge in a certain direction at any node in the DG represents presence of an edge in the same direction at all nodes in the DG.DG corresponds to infinite representation no time instance is assigned to any computation t=0. Systolic architectures have a space-time representation where each node is mapped to a certain processing element(PE) and is scheduled at a particular time instance.Systolic design methodology maps an N-dimensional DG to a lower dimensional systolic architecture.Mapping of N-dimensional DG to (N-1) dimensionalo systolic array is considered.CONCLUSIONA massively parallel processing with limited input output communication with host computer.Suitable for many interactional operations.Replace single processor with an array of regular processing elementsOrchestrate data flow for high throughput with less memory access a. Different from pipeliningNonlinear arra y structure, multidirection data flow, each PEmay have (small) local instruction and data memoryDifferent from SIMD each PE may do something differentinitial motivation VLSI enables inexpensive special-purpose chipsRepresent algorithms directly by chips connected in regular patternBIBLIOGRAPHY-* textual matter Book* http//www-old.oberon.ethz.ch/WirthPubl/AD.pdf* http//www.google.co.in/search?q=description+of+systolic+architecturehl=enrlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323start=20sa=N http//www.cs.nctu.edu.tw/ldvan/teaching/vlsidsp/VLSIDSP_CHAP7.pdf http//www.google.co.in/search?hl=enrlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323q=%2Bworking+of+systolic+architectureei=lFzzSYDQO8zelQeRqaTDDAsa=Xoi=stemming_tipct=title http//eprints.iisc.ernet.in/6808/ www.wikipedia.org http//www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1GGLS_enIN323IN323sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8q=description+of+systolic+architecture